Well, last time I tested a passive cooled Banshee (no Fan), the Card got almost burned (!)
It failed within 2 Minutes of 2D Operation, and did not recover until I gave it 5 Minutes of cooling.
I know temperatures were
way off scale = completely abnormal and beyond any sane design, because this Banshee was the only piece of Hardware that ever got me a physical, no kidding "branding" (unintentional)
People often believe Banshee's / Voodoo3's were
meant to run extremely/lightning hot, but that's just not true.
They can become warm (Banshee, Voodoo3 2000) or even very warm/hot (Voodoo3 3000/3500), but
never too hot to touch.
If they were running far beyond 80 Degrees Celsius already without 3D Rendering workloads by default, they would actually never have gotten their sale clearance without explicit warning stickers/signs, since people could have easily burned their hands when handling/operating them.
Besides, 3dfx would have had a massive failure rate on these Cards under such conditions.
The Banshee is clocked just slightly higher than a Voodoo2 (no cooler at all), so it has no reason (except the Bug) to become lightning hot at a mere 100 to 110MHz.
It also becomes obvious, once you think about all the IC's/Resistors in close vicinity of the Chip. Those commonly have a thermal design limit of max. 115C, which no piece of Hardware in any PC was ever designed to even remotely approach. Close to these temps, any component would have to be labeled a plain fire hazard.
PS.
Try the Banshee or Voodoo3 in an old Pentium Class AGP System. If my Memory serves me well, those cards (2D Desktop) will hardly become really warm, you can keep your Hand on it indefinitely.
Swap same Cards into an AthlonXP, and you'll burn either the Cards (Banshee), or your Fingers right off then touching it.
(I burned my skin within 0.5 seconds of touching the Banshee's Cooler during my test)
I estimated the Cooler's Temperature at that time at beyond 130C (>260F) (!) , it was like touching the inside of a hot oven when trying to get the finished Pizza out